Abstract Bioleaching of mining-metallurgical waste to remove heavy metals is a topic of great importance in environmental, public health, and secondary recovery fields. Heavy metals, due to their harmful effects on health, pose a latent risk when dispersed in the environment, primarily in water and soil, at elevated concentrations. In this study, a microbial consortium of acidophilic-mesophilic microorganisms was cultivated from natural biomass resulting from mineral oxidation processes. These microorganisms were then applied in the bioleaching process of mining-metallurgical waste originating from an area with high levels of heavy metal contamination and a producer of mining-metallurgical waste. The process was carried out in two phases: initially in agitated flasks with 50 grams of waste for 15 days, followed by scaling up to 640 grams in 8.3 liters. This scaling-up was performed with agitation at 85 rpm and a controlled temperature between 20 and 33 °C for 30 days, simulating an experimental-scale reactor. Successful copper and iron solubilization from the waste was achieved, with a removal of 63.27% in copper, 16.19% in iron, and 58.82% in arsenic, assessed through concentration measurements before and after bioleaching. The reduction in contaminant concentration underscores the potential of this bioleaching process to mitigate pollution and revalorize metals present in the waste. These findings guide research towards more environmentally friendly methods. The application of bioleaching not only provides environmental benefits but also lays the groundwork for action in favor of public health. Reducing the presence of heavy metals in waste significantly contributes to the protection of ecosystems and the health of communities near mining-metallurgical waste disposal sites.

Resumen La biolixiviación de residuos minero-metalúrgicos para la remoción de metales pesados es un tema de gran relevancia en los campos ambiental, de salud pública y recuperación secundaria. Los metales pesados representan un riesgo latente para la salud cuando se dispersan en el ambiente, especialmente en el agua y el suelo, en concentraciones elevadas. En este estudio, se cultivó un conglomerado microbiano de microorganismos acidófilos-mesófilos obtenidos de biomasa natural generada por la oxidación de minerales. Estos microorganismos se aplicaron en el proceso de biolixiviación de residuos minero-metalúrgicos provenientes de una zona con altos niveles de contaminación por metales pesados y productora de residuos minero-metalúrgicos. El proceso se dividió en dos fases: una inicial en matraces agitados con 50 gramos de residuos durante 15 días, seguida de un escalamiento a 640 gramos en 8,3 litros. Este último se llevó a cabo con agitación a 85 rpm y una temperatura controlada entre 20 y 33 °C durante 30 días, simulando así un reactor a escala experimental. Los resultados destacan la solubilización exitosa de cobre y hierro de los residuos, con una remoción del 63.27% en cobre, 16.19% en hierro y 58.82% en arsénico, evaluados mediante mediciones de concentraciones antes y después de la biolixiviación. La reducción en la concentración de contaminantes subraya el potencial de este proceso para mitigar la contaminación y revalorizar los metales presentes en los residuos. Estos hallazgos orientan la investigación hacia métodos más sostenibles para el ambiente. La aplicación de la biolixiviación no solo brinda beneficios ambientales, sino que también establece una base para acciones en favor de la salud pública. La disminución de la presencia de metales pesados en los residuos contribuye significativamente a la protección de los ecosistemas y la salud de las comunidades cercanas a los sitios de disposición de residuos minero-metalúrgicos.

Abstract The medicinal mineral waters in Ecuador and Venezuela have been used for centuries as medicines by the population of these countries. However, bacterial biodiversity is poorly understood. Therefore, the objective of the work was to know the bacterial biodiversity in the medicinal mineral water’s spas in Ecuador and Venezuela. Water samples were taken at various points in each spa. The microbiological studies were carried out following the schemes proposed by MacFaddin, complemented with the biochemical tests of the API and Microgen gallery. In the waters of the spas of Ecuador, 284 colonies of the genera Acidovorax, Acinetobacter, Actinomyces, Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Brevibacterium, Brevundimonas, Budvicia, Burkholderia, Citrobacter, Corynebacterium, Edwardsiella, Ewingella, Flavobacterium, Kurthia, Micrococcus, Moraxella were identified. Proteus, Pseudomonas, Psychrobacter, Ralstonia, Staphylococcus, Vibrio, Yersinia, Yokonella and Xenorhabdus. In the waters of the Venezuelan spas, it was possible to identify 158 colonies of the genera Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Brevundimonas, Burkolderia, Chromobacterium, Citrobacter, Comamonas, Edwardsiella, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Kluyvera, Moraxella, Plesiomonas, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Shewanella, Staphylococcus, Weeksella and Vibrio. A clear predominance of Gram-negative bacteria of the Gamma proteobacteria class was observed.

Resumen Las aguas mineromedicinales en Ecuador y Venezuela se utilizan desde hace siglos como medicamentos por la población de estos países. Sin embargo, la biodiversidad bacteriana es poco conocida. Por ello, el objetivo del trabajo fue conocer la biodiversidad bacteriana en el agua de balnearios mineromedicinales de Ecuador y Venezuela. Se tomaron muestras de agua en diversos puntos de cada balneario. Los estudios microbiológicos se realizaron siguiendo los esquemas propuestos por MacFaddin, complementadas con las pruebas bioquímicas de las galerías API y Microgen. En las aguas de los balnearios de Ecuador se identificaron un total de 284 colonias de los géneros Acidovorax, Acinetobacter, Actinomyces, Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Brevibacterium, Brevundimonas, Budvicia, Burkholderia, Citrobacter, Corynebacterium, Edwardsiella, Ewingella, Flavobacterium, Kurthia, Micrococcus, Moraxella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Psychrobacter, Ralstonia, Staphylococcus, Vibrio, Yersinia, Yokonella y Xenorhabdus. En las aguas de los balnearios de Venezuela, se logró identificar 158 colonias de los géneros Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Brevundimonas, Burkolderia, Chromobacterium, Citrobacter, Comamonas, Edwardsiella, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Kluyvera, Moraxella, Plesiomonas, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Shewanella, Staphylococcus, Weeksella y Vibrio. Se observó un claro predominio de las bacterias Gram negativas de la clase Gama proteobacterias en los balnearios mineromedicinales de ambos países.

Abstract Bacteriological quality of bovine raw milk has very important economic and health implications for the agricultural development worldwide. In this context, the present study was carried out to document the bacteriological quality of bovine raw milk stored in a collection center in the province of Tungurahua, Ecuador. A total of 20 milk samples obtained during the rainy and the dry season from the storage tanks of the transport routes together with samples from the collection center were analyzed. The following indicator of bacteriological quality were quantified: mesophilic aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus and Salmonella. These indicators adjust to the Ecuadorian INEN standards for bovine raw milk, which were quantified using the culture media and the incubation conditions indicated in the standards for each of the bacterial groups evaluated. In the rainy season average values for mesophilic aerobic bacteria were 1.22 x 108 CFU/mL, Enterobacteriaceae 7.90 x 105 CFU/mL and Staphylococcus 6.12 x 104 CFU/mL. In the dry season average values of mesophilic aerobic bacteria were 8.07 x 106 CFU/mL, Enterobacteriaceae 4.76 x 104 CFU/mL and Staphylococcus 1.42 x 104 CFU/mL. Salmonella was detected in 2 samples. Results of this study show that the bacteriological indicators of raw milk are high, implying deficiencies in the raw milk sanitary quality, especially during the rainy season.

Resumen La calidad bacteriológica de la leche cruda bovina tiene implicaciones económicas y sanitarias muy importantes para el desarrollo agropecuario de los países. En este sentido, se realizó el presente trabajo para conocer la calidad bacteriológica de la leche cruda bovina almacenada en un centro de acopio de la provincia de Tungurahua, Ecuador. Se analizaron un total de 20 muestras de leche obtenidas durante las épocas de invierno y verano de los tanques de almacenamiento de los transportes de las rutas, así como del tanque del centro de acopio. Se cuantificaron los siguientes indicadores de calidad bacteriológica: bacterias aerobias mesófilas, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus y Salmonella. Estos indicadores se ajustan a las normas ecuatorianas INEN para leche cruda bovina, utilizando los medios de cultivos y las condiciones de incubación indicados en las normas para cada uno de los grupos bacterianos evaluados. En la época de invierno se obtuvieron valores promedios para las bacterias aerobias mesófilas de 1,22 x 108 UFC/mL, Enterobacteriaceae 7,90 x 105 UFC/mL y Staphylococcus 6,12 x 104 UFC/mL. En la época de verano los valores promedios obtenidos fueron bacterias aerobias mesófilas 8,07 x 106 UFC/mL, Enterobacteriaceae 4,76 x 104 UFC/mL y Staphylococcus 1,42 x 104 UFC/mL. Se pudo detectar en dos de las muestras la presencia de Salmonella. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio indican que se está en presencia de leche cruda con valores muy altos de los indicadores bacteriológicos, lo cual implica deficiencias en su calidad sanitaria, sobre todo en la época de invierno.

Abstract High mountain lagoons are very fragile ecosystems subject to variations in the physicochemical characteristics that influence their biological and ecological conditions. In Ecuador there is a great diversity of high mountain lagoons that have been investigated in recent years. In this sense, the present work was carried out to know the seasonal dynamics of the physicochemical factors in the Colta lagoon, located in the province of Chimborazo, Ecuador at an altitude of 3312 meters above sea level. Measurements of the physicochemical parameters, electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, temperature and transparency were carried out in different parts of lagoon for a period of two years using a multiparameter equipment and the Seecchi disk. The results obtained indicate an alkaline pH with values between 8.36 and 9.20 and an average value of 8.87, a temperate temperature between 16.4 and 18.9 °C with an average value of 17.91 °C, Elevated electrical conductivity with a range of values throughout the lagoon from 903 to 1253 µs/cm and an average value of 1085 µs/cm, high amount of total dissolved solids that varied between 537 to 832 mg/L and an average value of 680 mg/L and a Seecchi transparency index indicative of a eutrophic lake with values between 0.76 and 3.5 meters, with an average value of 1.54 meters. The results obtained indicate a eutrophic lake ecosystem with stable physicochemical parameters throughout the lagoon over time.

Resumen Las lagunas de alta montaña son ecosistemas muy frágiles sujetos a variaciones en las características fisicoquímicas que influyen en sus condiciones biológicas y ecológicas. En Ecuador existen una gran diversidad de lagunas de alta montaña que se han estado investigando en los últimos años. En este sentido, se realizó el presente trabajo para conocer la dinámica estacional de los factores fisicoquímicos en la laguna Colta, situada en la provincia del Chimborazo, Ecuador a una altura de 3312 msnm. Se realizaron mediciones de los parámetros fisicoquímicos conductividad eléctrica, pH, solidos totales disueltos, temperatura y transparencia en diferentes partes de la alguna por un periodo de dos años utilizando un equipo multiparámetro y el disco Seecchi. Los resultados obtenidos indican un pH alcalino con valores entre 8,36 y 9,20 y un valor promedio de 8,87, una temperatura entre 16,4 y 18,9 °C con un valor promedio de 17,91 °C, conductividad eléctrica elevada con un rango de valores a lo largo de la laguna desde 903 a 1253 µs/cm y un valor promedio de 1085 µs/cm, alta cantidad de solidos totales disueltos que variaron entre 537 a 832 mg/L y un valor promedio de 680 mg/L y un índice de transparencia Seecchi indicativo de un lago eutrófico con valores entre 0,76 y 3,5 metros, con un valor promedio de 1,54 metros. Los resultados obtenidos indican un ecosistema lacustre eutrófico con parámetros fisicoquímicos estables en toda la laguna a lo largo del tiempo.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de manejo de uniformização, ordem de nascimento (ON), peso ao nascimento (PN) e suas interações no desempenho de leitões na fase de maternidade. Porcas (n = 25) e suas leitegadas (n = 388 leitões) foram distribuídas em dois tratamentos: UNIF - uniformização de leitões entre leitegadas distintas logo após o nascimento; MBIO - leitões mantidos até 12 horas pós-parto com a mãe biológica. Nos dois tratamentos o efeito da ON foi avaliado em três grupos caracterizados pela ON de 1-6, 7-12 e ≥ 13; o efeito de PN foi avaliado em quatro grupos definidos como Muito leve, Leve, Médio e Pesado. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 × 3 × 4, totalizando 24 tratamentos com 16 leitões/tratamento, em média. O ganho de peso do nascimento até 72 horas de vida (GP72h) foi maior em MBIO. A quantidade de colostro ingerida (QCI) foi menor em leitões de ON ≥ 13. Em geral, o desempenho dos leitões aumentou em resposta ao aumento do PN. Houve interação entre manejo de uniformização e PN para QCI em relação ao peso corporal (QCIPC), que foi maior em leitões Muito leves em UNIF (27,48% PC) e menor em leitões Pesados em MBIO (16,82% PC). É possível obter bom desempenho de leitões mantendo a leitegada com a mãe biológica até 12 horas pós-parto. A quantidade de colostro ingerida em base absoluta (g) é maior, mas relativa ao peso corporal (% PC) é menor em leitões pesados.

Abstract The goal of this study was to assess the effects of uniformization management, birth order (BO), birth weight (BiW) and their interactions on the performance of piglets in the maternity phase. Sows (n = 25) and their litters (n = 388 piglets) were distributed into two treatments, namely: UNIF - uniformization of piglets between different litters right after birth; and BIOM - piglets kept up to 12 hours after birth with their biological mothers. In both treatments, the effect of BO was assessed in three groups characterised by BO of 1-6, 7-12, and ≥13. The effect of BiW was assessed in four groups defined as ‘very light’, ‘light’, ‘medium’, and ‘heavy’. The design was completely randomised in a 2×3×4 factorial scheme, totalling 24 treatments with 16 piglets/treatment, on average. Weight gain from birth to 72 hours after birth (WG72h) was greater in the BIOM treatment. The colostrum intake (CI) was lower in piglets with BO ≥13. In general, piglet performance increased in response to the increase in BiW. There was interaction between uniformization management and BiW with respect to CI related to body weight (CIBW), which was greater in very light piglets in the UNIF treatment (27.48% BW), and lower in heavy piglets in the BIOM treatment (16.82% BW). It was possible to obtain satisfactory piglet performance by keeping the litters with their biological mothers until 12 hours after birth. The CI expressed on an absolute basis (g) was greater; however, CI expressed on relative basis with respect to body weight (% BW) was lower in heavy piglets.

Abstract Each hot spring has a characteristic and specific microbiota in relation to its physicochemical characteristics. Therefore, the objective of the research was to study the microbiology of the thermal water of the Ilaló spa, located in the Province of Pichincha. Water samples were collected between November and December 2018. The values of pH, temperature, conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen and total solids were determined “In situ”. Quantification, isolation and identification of the bacterial strains was performed according to the tests suggested by Barrow and Feltham (2003) following the schemes proposed by MacFaddin (2004), complemented with the Microgen bacterial identification kit. The microbiological characterization was done according to Andueza (2007). The average values obtained at the Ilaló spa were: thermal water temperature 32.4 ° C; environmental temperature of 21.30° C; salinity of 0.8%; pH 7.39; electrical conductivity of 1675.53 µS / cm; Dissolved oxygen of 4.30 mg / L, total dissolved solids of 1675.53 mg / L, heterotrophic bacteria 24.8 CFU / mL, Pseudomonas 0.40 CFU / mL and there was no presence of Staphylococcus. Isolated colonies were identified as Bacillus spp, Corynebacterium spp, Pseudomonas spp, Vibrio alginolyticus, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Acinetobacter iwoffii, Actinomyces spp, Moraxella spp, Kurthia spp, Enterobacter agglomerans and Brevibacterium spp. 100% of the colonies were lipolytic, hydrocarbon degraders and lead resistant. 90.90% were amylolytic, 81.81% proteolytic and 18.18% cellulitic. The water of the Ilaló spa has a small microbial population, but diversity, with outstanding biotechnological properties.

Resumen Cada manantial de agua termal posee una microbiota característica y específica, en relación con sus características fisicoquímicas. Por ello, el objetivo de la investigación fue estudiar la microbiología del agua termal del balneario Ilaló, ubicado en la Provincia de Pichincha. Se recolectaron muestras de agua, entre noviembre y diciembre del 2018. Se determinaron “In situ”los valores de pH, temperatura, conductividad, salinidad, oxígeno disuelto y sólidos totales. Se realizó la cuantificación, aislamiento e identificación de las cepas bacterianas de acuerdo con las pruebas sugeridas por Barrow y Feltham (2003), siguiendo los esquemas propuestos por MacFaddin (2004), complementadas con el kit de identificación bacteriana Microgen. La caracterización microbiológica se hizo de acuerdo con lo señalado por Andueza (2007). Los valores promedios obtenidos en el balneario Ilaló fueron: temperatura del agua termal 32,4 °C; temperatura ambiente de 21,30 °C; salinidad de 0,8 %; pH de 7,39; conductividad eléctrica de 1675,53 µS/cm; oxígeno disuelto de 4,30 mg/L, sólidos totales disueltos de 1675,53 mg/L, bacterias heterótrofas 24,8 UFC/mL, Pseudomonas 0,40 UFC/mL y no hubo presencia de Staphylococcus. Se identificaron las colonias aisladas como Bacillus spp, Corynebacterium spp, Pseudomonas spp, Vibrio alginolyticus, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Acinetobacter iwoffii, Actinomyces spp, Moraxella spp, Kurthia spp, Enterobacter agglomerans y Brevibacterium spp. El 100 % de las colonias resultaron lipolíticas, degradadoras de hidrocarburos y resistentes al plomo. El 90,90 % fueron amilolíticas, 81,81 % proteolíticas y el 18,18 % celulíticas. El agua del balneario Ilaló presenta una población microbiana escasa, pero diversa, con propiedades biotecnológicas destacadas.

Abstract The present investigation used a completely randomized experimental design (DCA), with 3 treatments (T1, T2 and T3) and a target (TB) as reference, each with 3 repetitions, with a total of 12 compost piles, located in the parish of Amaguaña. Each pile contained 132 kg of manure and rumen content from the Aldaz family slaughterhouse; 30 g of urea, 4 L of molasses and 4 Kg of sawdust; were inoculated for T1 treatment with 30 x 109 CFU of Proteus mirabilis, T2 with 30 x 109 CFU of Citrobacter freundii, T3 with 356 x 103 cells Penicillium spp. and TB without addition of microorganisms. Measurements of temperature, pH and humidity were taken 3 days after the creation of the batteries (time of adaptation of microorganisms to their new habitat). The analysis of variance (ANOVA), determined that there were no statistically significant differences between treatments, so to select the best treatment quantitative and qualitative indicators were used. As a result, T2 was the best treatment with a reduction in the amount of organic waste of 80,97%; a Tmax of 46 °C, organic matter of 80,02%, producing a highly saline dark brown organic substrate with pH 9.04, total nitrogen (4%), total phosphorus (0,02%), potassium (0,73%) and free of fecal pathogens.

Resumen La presente investigación utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar (DCA), con 3 tratamientos (T1, T2 y T3) y un blanco (TB) como referencia, cada uno con 3 repeticiones, con un total de 12 pilas de compost, ubicadas en la parroquia de Amaguaña. Cada pila contenía 132 Kg de estiércol y contenido ruminal provenientes del camal de faenamiento familia Aldaz; 30 g de urea, 4L de melaza y 4Kg de aserrín; se inocularon para el tratamiento T1 con 30 x 109 UFC de Proteus mirabilis, T2 con 30 x 109 UFC de Citrobacter freundii, T3 con 356 x 103 células Penicillium spp. y TB sin adición de microorganismos. Se tomaron mediciones de temperatura, pH y humedad a los 3 días de creación de las pilas (tiempo de adaptación de microorganismos a su nuevo hábitat). El análisis de varianza (ANOVA), determinó que no existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre tratamientos, por ello para seleccionar el mejor tratamiento se emplearon indicadores cuantitativos y cualitativos. Como resultado T2 fue el mejor tratamiento con una reducción en la cantidad de desechos orgánicos del 80,97%; una T máx. de 46°C, materia orgánica del 80,02%, produciendo un sustrato orgánico marrón oscuro altamente salino con pH 9,04, nitrógeno total (4%), fósforo total (0,02%), potasio (0,73%) y libre de patógenos fecales.

Abstract The study was conducted in a meadow of Huimanguillo, Tabasco, established in a soil with acidic pH and low contents of N, P and K, from October 2014 to July 2015, including the northeastern, dry and rainy seasons. The objective was to evaluate the effect of phosphate fertilization on the yield of dry matter (RMS), seasonal distribution of forage and phosphorus concentration (P) of an associated meadow B. humidicola-S. guianensis and one in monoculture of B. humidicola. The plots of B. humidicola in monoculture without and with phosphate fertilization (H, HF) and of the association without and with phosphate fertilization (HS, HSF), established in a completely randomized design with four replications, were analyzed in repeated measurements. The RMS and P were measured every 35 days from October 7, 2014 to July 14, 2015. The total RMS was similar between H, HF and HSF (10.5 vs 7.07 t ha-1 in HS), although the RMS of the associated grasslands (HS, HSF) showed less variation in time. The associated grasslands showed higher RMS in the dry season, and the prairies in monoculture in rains. The concentration of phosphorus in the biomass of S. guianensis and in the one of the fertilized treatments (HF, HSF) was higher than in the one of the treatments without fertilizing (H, HS). The number of nodules per plant was increased by phosphate fertilization (18.8 in HSF vs 13.9 HS, average of the three seasons), but not the RMS in roots.

Resumen El estudio se realizó en una pradera de Huimanguillo, Tabasco, establecida en un suelo con pH ácido y bajos contenidos de N, P y K, de octubre 2014 a julio 2015 comprendiendo las épocas de nortes, seca y lluvias. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de la fertilización fosfatada en el rendimiento de materia seca (RMS), distribución estacional del forraje y concentración de fósforo (P) de una pradera asociada B. humidicola-S. guianensis y una en monocultivo de B. humidicola. Las parcelas de B. humidicola en monocultivo sin y con fertilización fosfatada (H, HF) y de la asociación sin y con fertilización fosfatada (HS, HSF), establecidas en un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones, fueron analizadas en medidas repetidas. El RMS y P fueron medidos cada 35 días del 7 de octubre 2014 al 14 de julio 2015. El RMS total fue semejante entre H, HF y HSF (10.5 vs 7.07 t ha-1 en HS), aunque el RMS de las praderas asociadas (HS, HSF) presentó menor variación en el tiempo. Las praderas asociadas presentaron mayor RMS en la época seca, y las praderas en monocultivo en lluvias. La concentración de fósforo en la biomasa de S. guianensis y en la de los tratamientos fertilizados (HF, HSF) fue más alta que en la de los tratamientos sin fertilizar (H, HS). El número de nódulos por planta se incrementó por la fertilización fosfatada (18.8 en HSF vs 13.9 HS, promedio de las tres épocas), pero no el RMS en raíces.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a força máxima dinâmica (1RM) nos exercícios supino e rosca scott, e relacioná-la com a massa corporal total (MCT) e com a massa corporal magra (MCM), bem como avaliar o número máximo de repetições em diferentes percentuais de 1RM. Onze mulheres (24 ± 1,4 anos) foram submetidas à avaliação da composição corporal, testes de 1RM e testes de repetições máximas em 50, 60, 70 e 80% de 1RM. No tratamento dos dados, foram utilizados a regressão linear múltipla, a ANOVA para medidas repetidas e o teste t pareado. A MCM é a variável que melhor explica a variância de 1RM, podendo ser utilizada para a determinação de um coeficiente para a estimativa da carga de treino. Houve diferenças significativas entre os números de repetições em todos os percentuais e em ambos os exercícios [(supino (p=0,000) e rosca scott (p=0,000)], sendo esses números progressivamente menores com o incremento da carga.

The purpose of this study was to assess maximum strength (1RM) in the bench press and biceps curl exercises, and relate it to total body mass (BM) and fat-free mass (FFM), as well as to assess the maximum repetition number at different percentages of 1-RM. Eleven women (age: 24 ± 1.4 years) were submitted to body composition assessment, 1-RM tests, and maximum repetition tests at 50, 60, 70 and 80% of 1-RM. For data treatment, multiple linear regression, repeated measures ANOVA and paired t-test were used. FFM explains better than BM the 1-RM variance and can be used to determine a coefficient to estimate the training load. Significant differences were found in the maximum repetition numbers in all percentages and both exercises (bench press (p=0,000) and biceps curl (p=0,000). These results revealed a gradual decrease in the number of repetitions as the load increased.

BACKGROUND: Aging probably comprises one of the major factors contributing to the onset of acquired primary blood diseases (APBD’s), most of which are of a chronic type. The purpose of this study is that to analyze the rate of occurrence (RO) of HPA in a population of 522,621 inhabitants (Males: 252,721; Females: 269,900) showing a negative vegetative growth (-1.4/ 10(5) inhabitants/year), said occurrence being dealt with separately for the population under age 60 and the population over age 60. METHODS: In January-December, 1994, a estimate was made of the HPA rate of occurrence and rate of analyses among the patients from the area in question, dealing separately with those under age 60 and over age 60. The diagnostic criteria applied were Monoclonal Gammopathies of Undetermined Significance (MGUS’s) in keeping with Kyle’s criteria. Multiple Myeloma (MM) and Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia (CLL) in keeping with the Myeloma Task Force criteria, Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin’s Disease (HD) in keeping with the REAL classification, Myelodisplasic Syndromes (MS’s) and Acute Leukemia (AL) in keeping with the FAB classification, Chronic Myeloproliferative Syndromes (CMS’s) in keeping with the PVSG. For calculating the rates of occurrence, descriptive epidemiological methods were used. RESULTS: The highest rates of blood analyses as the result of suspected APH’s fell within the over 60 age group ( p<0.0001). During the length of time analyzed, a total of 302 APH’s (<60/> years: 100/202, p<0.0001) were diagnosis, being worthy of special mention: 84 MGUS’s; 21 MM’s; 57 NHL’s; 26 CLL’s; 33 CMS’s; 11 AL’s and 14 HD’s. The spread by gender was: Males: 177; Females 125. Average age: 63.54 years (age range 19-92). The rates of occurrence (cases/10(5) inhabitants/year) were (<age 60/> age 60): overall: 31.31 / 178.86; MGUS: 7.37 / 52.87; MM: 1.84 / 13.21; NHL: 5.53 / 34.36; CLL: 1.53 / 18.50; MS: 0.62 / 27.31; CMS: 5.52 / 16.74 ; AL: 1.53 / 5.29; HD: 3.68 / 1.76. CONCLUSIONS: The highest rate of analyses as the result of suspected APH was found among those over 60 years of age. The overall occurrence of APH is significantly higher in those over age 60, as well as for each type of APH taken into account, except for AL and HD. The highest rate of occurrence is that of MGUS, NHL and MS’s, especially in males.

FUNDAMENTO: El envejecimiento constituye probablemente uno de los factores más importantes que contribuyen a la aparición de hemopatías primarias adquiridas (HPA), la mayoría de carácter crónico. El propósito de este trabajo ha sido el estudiar la tasa de incidencia (TI) de HPA en una población de 522.621 habitantes (V: 252.721; M: 269.900), con un crecimiento vegetativo negativo (-1,4/10(5) habitantes/año), considerando por separado dicha incidencia en la población menor y la mayor de 60 años. MÉTODOS: Durante el periodo enero-diciembre de 1994, se realizó una estimación de las tasas de consulta y las tasas de incidencia de HPA en los pacientes procedentes del área, considerando separadamente los menores y los mayores de 60 años. Las categorías diagnósticas aplicadas fueron: gammapatías monoclonales de significado indeterminado (GMSI), según criterios de Kyle; mieloma múltiple (MM) y leucemia linfática crónica (LLC) según criterios del Myeloma Task Force, linfoma no Hodgkin (LNH) y enfermedad de Hodgkin (EH) siguiendo la clasificación REAL, síndromes mielodisplásicos (SMD) y leucemia aguda (LA) según la clasificación FAB, síndromes mieloproliferativos crónicos (SMPC), según el PVSG. Para el cálculo de las tasas de incidencia se utilizaron los métodos epidemiológicos descriptivos. RESULTADOS: La mayor tasa de consultas hematológicas por sospecha de HPA procedía de los mayores de 60 años (p<0,0001). En el periodo analizado se diagnosticaron un total de 302 HPA (<60/³ 60 años: 100/202, p<0,0001), destacando: 84 GMSI; 21 MM; 57 LNH; 26 LLC; 33 SMD; 24 SMPC; 11 LA y 14 EH. La distribución por sexos: V: 177; M: 125. Edad media 63,54 años (extremos 19-92). Las tasas de incidencia (casos/10(5)hab/año) fueron (<60/³ 60 años): global: 31,31 / 178, 86; GMSI 7,37 / 52,87; MM: 1,84 / 13,21; LNH: 5,53 / 34,36; LLC: 1,53 / 18,50 ; SMD: 0,62 / 27,31; SMPC: 5,52 / 16,74; LA: 1,53 / 5,29; EH: 3,68 / 1,76. CONCLUSIONES: La mayor tasa de consultas por sospecha de HPA se dio entre mayores de 60 años. La incidencia global de HPA es significativamente más elevada en mayores de 60 años que en menores, así como para cada tipo de HPA considerada, excepto para LA y EH. La mayor tasa de incidencia corresponde a las GMSI, LNH y SMD, especialmente en varones.

BACKGROUND: Aging probably comprises one of the major factors contributing to the onset of acquired primary blood diseases (APBD’s), most of which are of a chronic type. The purpose of this study is that to analyze the rate of occurrence (RO) of HPA in a population of 522,621 inhabitants (Males: 252,721; Females: 269,900) showing a negative vegetative growth (-1.4/ 10(5) inhabitants/year), said occurrence being dealt with separately for the population under age 60 and the population over age 60. METHODS: In January-December, 1994, a estimate was made of the HPA rate of occurrence and rate of analyses among the patients from the area in question, dealing separately with those under age 60 and over age 60. The diagnostic criteria applied were Monoclonal Gammopathies of Undetermined Significance (MGUS’s) in keeping with Kyle’s criteria. Multiple Myeloma (MM) and Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia (CLL) in keeping with the Myeloma Task Force criteria, Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin’s Disease (HD) in keeping with the REAL classification, Myelodisplasic Syndromes (MS’s) and Acute Leukemia (AL) in keeping with the FAB classification, Chronic Myeloproliferative Syndromes (CMS’s) in keeping with the PVSG. For calculating the rates of occurrence, descriptive epidemiological methods were used. RESULTS: The highest rates of blood analyses as the result of suspected APH’s fell within the over 60 age group ( p<0.0001). During the length of time analyzed, a total of 302 APH’s (<60/> years: 100/202, p<0.0001) were diagnosis, being worthy of special mention: 84 MGUS’s; 21 MM’s; 57 NHL’s; 26 CLL’s; 33 CMS’s; 11 AL’s and 14 HD’s. The spread by gender was: Males: 177; Females 125. Average age: 63.54 years (age range 19-92). The rates of occurrence (cases/10(5) inhabitants/year) were (<age 60/> age 60): overall: 31.31 / 178.86; MGUS: 7.37 / 52.87; MM: 1.84 / 13.21; NHL: 5.53 / 34.36; CLL: 1.53 / 18.50; MS: 0.62 / 27.31; CMS: 5.52 / 16.74 ; AL: 1.53 / 5.29; HD: 3.68 / 1.76. CONCLUSIONS: The highest rate of analyses as the result of suspected APH was found among those over 60 years of age. The overall occurrence of APH is significantly higher in those over age 60, as well as for each type of APH taken into account, except for AL and HD. The highest rate of occurrence is that of MGUS, NHL and MS’s, especially in males.

FUNDAMENTO: El envejecimiento constituye probablemente uno de los factores más importantes que contribuyen a la aparición de hemopatías primarias adquiridas (HPA), la mayoría de carácter crónico. El propósito de este trabajo ha sido el estudiar la tasa de incidencia (TI) de HPA en una población de 522.621 habitantes (V: 252.721; M: 269.900), con un crecimiento vegetativo negativo (-1,4/10(5) habitantes/año), considerando por separado dicha incidencia en la población menor y la mayor de 60 años. MÉTODOS: Durante el periodo enero-diciembre de 1994, se realizó una estimación de las tasas de consulta y las tasas de incidencia de HPA en los pacientes procedentes del área, considerando separadamente los menores y los mayores de 60 años. Las categorías diagnósticas aplicadas fueron: gammapatías monoclonales de significado indeterminado (GMSI), según criterios de Kyle; mieloma múltiple (MM) y leucemia linfática crónica (LLC) según criterios del Myeloma Task Force, linfoma no Hodgkin (LNH) y enfermedad de Hodgkin (EH) siguiendo la clasificación REAL, síndromes mielodisplásicos (SMD) y leucemia aguda (LA) según la clasificación FAB, síndromes mieloproliferativos crónicos (SMPC), según el PVSG. Para el cálculo de las tasas de incidencia se utilizaron los métodos epidemiológicos descriptivos. RESULTADOS: La mayor tasa de consultas hematológicas por sospecha de HPA procedía de los mayores de 60 años (p<0,0001). En el periodo analizado se diagnosticaron un total de 302 HPA (<60/³ 60 años: 100/202, p<0,0001), destacando: 84 GMSI; 21 MM; 57 LNH; 26 LLC; 33 SMD; 24 SMPC; 11 LA y 14 EH. La distribución por sexos: V: 177; M: 125. Edad media 63,54 años (extremos 19-92). Las tasas de incidencia (casos/10(5)hab/año) fueron (<60/³ 60 años): global: 31,31 / 178, 86; GMSI 7,37 / 52,87; MM: 1,84 / 13,21; LNH: 5,53 / 34,36; LLC: 1,53 / 18,50 ; SMD: 0,62 / 27,31; SMPC: 5,52 / 16,74; LA: 1,53 / 5,29; EH: 3,68 / 1,76. CONCLUSIONES: La mayor tasa de consultas por sospecha de HPA se dio entre mayores de 60 años. La incidencia global de HPA es significativamente más elevada en mayores de 60 años que en menores, así como para cada tipo de HPA considerada, excepto para LA y EH. La mayor tasa de incidencia corresponde a las GMSI, LNH y SMD, especialmente en varones.